热头条: 2012年3月12日

2012年3月12日星期一

From walking to see whether you are health

Five special signal prompts the heart health problems

Heart disease common symptoms except palpitations, precordial pain, there are some special signal is associated with the heart, such as male hair loss, lower extremity edema, periodontal disease.

Heart disease is threatening our health, it is common symptoms of palpitation precordial pain except, besides, there are some special signal is associated with the heart, we can't neglect.

Signal: male baldness

Young male head of hair loss, increased risk of heart disease. Research has shown that, compared with thick hair, head hair reduction, increased risk of heart disease in 23%, and male pattern baldness. Increased risk of heart disease 36%. Research thinks, hair loss in men with androgen related, but the hormone may be associated with arterial stiffness, so bald men, must pay attention to heart health.

Signal two: lower extremity edema

Finger pressing ankle or lower leg, the fingers loose after pressing part is a concave, are often unable to immediately restore, called" concave edema". When the heart can not work well, the body cannot effectively complete the blood circulation, due to the action of gravity, the liquid will retention in the lower extremities, and often with other heart failure symptoms, such as frequent micturition, urine volume reduction, weight gain, nocturnal cough, also known as" the edema cardiogenic edema". It first appeared in the lower extremities, especially ankle, then gradually expand to the whole body, appear this kind of circumstance to hurry to check.

Signal three: periodontal disease

Sore gums, bleeding is poor oral hygiene sign, is a sign of heart disease. Research has shown that, periodontal disease and heart disease are closely related, to maintain oral hygiene, protection of periodontal health could reduce the risk of heart disease.

Signal four: skin yellow lipoma

Yellow is a fat deposition disease, the main damage to the skin. When the skin, especially the eyes appear near yellow, orange nodules, papules or plaques, should consider whether the Yellow lipoma. These people often have disorder of lipid metabolism, heart disease risk also increases accordingly, therefore we must pay attention to their lipid levels, timely detection, the lipids to the normal range.

Signal five: cataract

Numerous studies show that, in patients with cataract and increased risk of heart disease, although the exact mechanism is not very clear, but it should be for cataract patients with a good heart.

A common cause of nasal bleeding

Nasal bleeding and epistaxis, is a common phenomenon of childhood, childhood epistaxis with adult is different, the bleeding site with anterior nasal cavity to see. Clinical common causes:

In 1, injury. Children aggressive by nature, often cause nasal hemorrhage fall hit, in addition, some children like dug the nose often lead to nasal vestibular erosion and erosive mucosal oozing.

In 2, a nasal foreign body. Children often carelessly, toys, paper, peel, and other seeds into the nasal cavity of secondary infection, caused by erosive mucosal bleeding.

3, fever. Fever often leads to the nasal mucosa drying microvascular bleeding.

4, nasal inflammation often leads to accumulation of secretions in the nasal cavity, nasal vestibule, cause itching, pain and discomfort, because children do not blow your nose, and often hand dug the nose and nasal hemorrhage.

5, blood disease. Leukemia, thrombocytopenia, aplastic anemia, hemophilia children, because the coagulation disorders which lead to nasal bleeding.

6, rheumatic fever.

Parents and friends can understand pediatric epistaxis in the common cause, observe, believe that your child will grow up healthily.

Why men love the smoke？

Smokers on sperm production, maturation and distortion has obvious effect, smoking time is longer, the more abnormal sperm, the normal sperm count also decreases ceaselessly, sperm activity will be reduced, such as adult male smoking 30 cigarettes a day, sperm survival rate of 40%%, no doubt on the fertility of adverse;

The United States Baylor College of Medicine ( Baylor College of Medicine ) researchers say, cigarettes addictive composition -- nicotine ( nicotine )," trick " the brain to smoking behavior and the environment combine. The findings were published in a recent issue of the journal" neurons" ( Neuron ).

Why has the smoking habits of people in a bar or a dinner with friends want to suck

" Our brains are usually will be beneficial to the survival and development of our events and environmental conditions when together, so we again performed this act, which allows us to success in life. When we do a bad thing, the brain will send a reward signal." Baylor College of Medicine neuroscience professor John A . Dani said, he is also one of the authors of the report. " Then, nicotine has borrowed the subconscious brain learning process, make us think that smoking is also positive behavior."

Dani said, and smoking linked to environmental conditions may cause we have strong suction on a desire. These cues may include alcohol, dinner with friends, or even from the company to drive home. In order to understand why this is so strong, Dani and Baylor College of Medicine neuroscience lecturer, this study co-author Jianrong Tang, going through the record mouse received nicotine, their brain activity.

In experiment, mice were placed into two separate cell test equipment, it can in the two cell in the random walk. Among them a cell, it will accept to nicotine, another room, they can get the harmless salt solution. Then, researchers recorded the mice in each room to stay longer, and to record the mouse brain to generate new memory hippocampus activity.

" Test in mouse brain activity changes in surprise," Dani said," nicotine forcing neuron connection number is the injection of saline solution 200%. This strong connection is a new memory form the foundation." Therefore, compared to only give salt solution room, the mouse learning to spend more time in nicotine room.

" We found only in commonly called brain reward centers where the sending of a dopamine signaling, nicotine can induce neuronal synaptic connections. It is a new memory key process, even like smoking 's bad behavior is no exception."

Dani said, understanding of the way of memory, is conducive to future research on memory disorder measures, such as Alzheimer's disease ( Alzheimer s disease ), or Parkinson's disease ( Parkinson s disease ) as dopamine signaling disorders.

What is the puerperal infection?

Puerperal infection ( puerperalinfection ) refers to the childbirth and postpartum reproductive tract pathogens, causing local or systemic infection. The incidence is 6%. Puerperal morbidity ( puerperalmorbidity ) and puerperal infection is different in meaning, it refers to the delivery 24 hours later and within 10 days, with the export table daily measurements of temperature 4 times, 2 times greater than or equal to 38 DEG c.. Causing puerperal morbidity due to puerperal infection mainly, but also includes the reproductive tract other than acute mastitis, infection of the upper respiratory tract, urinary system infection. Thrombophlebitis, puerperal infection, obstetric hemorrhage, cardiac disease in pregnancy, preeclampsia is still the leading cause of maternal death in the four major reasons.

Puerperal infection which symptom to have?

Puerperal infection ( puerperal infection ) refers to the delivery and postpartum reproductive tract pathogen infection, caused by local and systemic inflammatory stress of. The incidence rate is 1% ~ 7.2%, is one of the four leading causes of maternal death. Puerperal morbidity ( puerperal morbidity ) refers to the delivery of 24 hours after 10 days by export table daily temperature measured 4 times, 2 times at or above 38 DEG C. Visible puerperal infection and puerperal morbidity have different meanings. Although the cause puerperal morbidity due to puerperal infection mainly, but also include postpartum reproductive tract other than infection with fever, such as urinary infection, mastitis, upper respiratory tract infection.

Puerperal infection symptoms:

In 1 acute vulvar, vaginal, cervicitis

Delivery due to perineal injury or operation is produced and lead to infection, performed for local burning, pain, tenesmus, purulent exudate stimulation induced urethral orifice painful urination, frequent urination. Wound infection, suture in tissue swelling, pinhole pus. Vaginal and cervical infection manifested as mucosal hyperemia, ulcer, purulent secretions increase, will lead to vaginal adhesions or atresia. If the deep spread, can be disseminated to uterine tissues, causing inflammation of connective tissue.

In 2 acute endometritis, uterine myositis

Pathogens by invasive placental abruption surface, diffusion into the decidua, called endometritis. Infection of invading myometrium, called uterine myositis. Endometritis associated with uterine myositis. Heavy appears the chills, fever, headache, rapid heart rate, leukocytosis, lower abdominal tenderness uneven, lochia is not necessarily more easily misdiagnosed.

In 3 acute pelvic connective tissue inflammation, acute fallopian tube inflammation

Pathogen along uterine lymph or blood of parametrial tissue, acute inflammatory reaction and the formation of inflammatory mass, at the same time affect the mesosalpinx, tube wall. If the invasion and the pelvic cavity, can also form a" frozen pelvis". Gonorrhea diplococcus along the genital tract mucosa of ascending infection, of tubal and peritoneal, abscess formation, can high fever.

In 4 acute pelvic peritonitis and diffuse peritonitis

Inflammation continues to develop, spread to the uterine serosa, pelvic peritonitis, and then developed into a diffuse peritonitis, systemic poisoning symptoms, such as fever, nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension, abdominal examination nowadays has apparent tenderness, rebound tenderness. Due to maternal abdominal wall relaxation, muscle tension is not obvious. Due to peritoneal surface inflammatory exudate, cellulose covering cause intestinal adhesion, can also be in the rectouterine pouch forming localized abscess, bowel and bladder may be affected if abscess diarrhea, tenesmus and dysuria. During the acute phase of treatment is not completely can develop into chronic pelvic inflammatory disease and lead to infertility.

5 sepsis and sepsis

When an infected thrombus shedding into the blood circulation can cause sepsis, pulmonary, cerebral, renal abscess or pulmonary embolism and death. If large numbers of bacteria into the blood circulation and reproduction form of sepsis, and can be life threatening.

6 thrombophlebitis

Fragilis and anaerobic streptococci are common pathogens. In stasis of blood flow or vein wall damage based on bacterial secretion heparin enzyme decomposition, heparin, promote coagulation. The wall of the uterus placenta infection caused by the bacterium surface pelvic thrombophlebitis. Involving the ovarian vein, uterine vein, internal jugular vein, common iliac vein and the inferior vena cava, lesions often unilateral, patients more than 1 to 2 weeks postpartum, stepson of endometrial inflammation after the onset of shivering, high fever, recurrent, lasting several weeks, not easy and pelvic connective tissue inflammation differential. Thrombophlebitis of the lower limbs, with multiple lesions in the femoral vein, vein and saphenous vein, emergence of remittent fever. Lower limbs durative ache, intravenous local tenderness or touch hard rope, the blood returning blocked, causing lower extremity edema, pale skin, commonly known as " white leg". But some light deep lesions without obvious positive signs, color Doppler ultrasound can be unearthed. Thrombophlebitis of lower extremities more secondary to pelvic thrombophlebitis or peripheral inflammation of connective tissue.

Eating fish may reduce depression in pregnant women

Concerned statistic data shows, pregnant women with severe postpartum depression incidence rate of approximately 10%, which is higher up to 13-15% of primipara. A new study suggests, is pregnant the mother eating fish can reduce prenatal or postnatal depression.

This is because they can get a called Omega - 3 fatty acid nutrition. The substances in marine fish ( especially salmon, tuna, sardines and herring ) content is rich. Taking cod liver oil can also be added to this matter.

Researchers on the 11721 British women's analysis found that pregnant women during pregnancy, at the end of three months from the fish intake of Omega - 3 fatty acid number, their pregnancy and puerperium depression risk is smaller. Psychiatrist Joseph R - Black Beyer said, and omega - 3 fatty acids intake in pregnant women compared with the lowest, most pregnant women substance intake depression risk small half.

And Joseph said, because of concerns about mercury pollution reasons, pregnant women is best fish intake control in 12 oz / week. Research shows, salmon, tilapia, catfish, scallops and less mercury. Cod liver oil without mercury.

how to diagnosis of male infertility?

Diagnosis

1 History

The past history of disease, injury and operation history, life history, contraceptive history, reproductive history and history of marriage, drugs and physical and chemical factors exposure history, urinary symptoms and the gynecologic examination.

2 physical examination

General attention has special shape, there is no systemic disease. Genital examination note penile development degree, the external orifice of urethra, testicular size, epididymal and testicular relationship, spermatic cord has no lesions ( such as varicocele, vas deferens lesions ), digital rectal examination, pay attention to prostate and seminal vesicle, prostate massage, parallel smears.

3 semen examination

3-7 day of abstinence, masturbation or extracorporeal ejaculation by collecting semen, 1 hours of examination.

Normal reference values: precision 2-6ml, gray or pale yellow, 5-20 minutes complete liquefaction, PH7.2-7.8 sperm density was 5 million - 100000000 / ml, sperm motility rate > 60%, sperm vitality of > 75% ( > 6 ), sperm deformity rate < 30%, total sperm number > 130000000 / per spermiation. Sperm count < 20000000 / ml, fertility is poor.

The diagnosis of male infertility, must make clear the following:

The man is sterile or female infertility sterility factors, or both; as for the man of sterile, belongs to the absolute or relative infertility, sterility;

The primary or secondary infertility sterility;

If the male sterility, should be possible to identify the exact cause of male infertility, so that for the causes of the use of effective treatment measures.

Male infertility diagnosis and check method generally includes a detailed history, physical examination, semen examination, endocrine examination, immunological tests, chromosome examination, X-ray examination, biopsy of testis, semen biochemical examination and other examination. Through the above male infertility clinical and laboratory assessment, and then in 1999 who on male infertility diagnostic criteria for diagnosis and classification.

Identify

1 sexual dysfunction infertility due to sexual dysfunction and cannot finish sexual intercourse or sperm cannot enter the vagina caused sterility. Patients often have erectile dysfunction, retrograde ejaculation ejaculatory incompetence or the sexual dysfunction such as history, and through the function test to identify.

( 1) non-ejaculation disorders: refers to the normal penile erection during sexual intercourse, but not ejaculation, a function not ejaculate and organic cum two. The former is more common in nature and lack of knowledge, psychological factors such as the wedding of tension or over-indulgence caused. The latter is common in the nervous system disease and injury, such as pelvic operation; Penile Diseases, such as redundant prepuce and phimosis; endocrine diseases, such as the pituitary, gonad, hypothyroidism induced neuropathy; drug factors, such as sedatives, adrenergic receptor blockers inhibit ejaculation.

( 2) retrograde ejaculation: refers to sexual intercourse with the sensation of ejaculation, but no semen from urethral injection. During ejaculation immediately after micturition, examination of the urine may be found in the urine of a large number of sperm. Common reasons, bladder neck closure insufficiency, pelvic operation and transurethral resection of the prostate, urethral stricture that semen discharge difficulties.

2 fine tract obstruction infertility of testicular spermatogenic function of normal, because seminal tract obstruction of sperm in semen can not enter the. The differential diagnosis as follows:

( 1) congenital seminal tract obstruction: mainly because of congenital agenesis of vas deferens or absent, seminal vesicle agenesis of vas deferens epididymis, and not connected or epididymal dysgenesis induced infertility. Its feature is semen volume is little, often < 1ml, semen coagulation, seminal plasma fructose free, as well as azoospermia.

( 2) infected seminal tract obstruction: common infection for bilateral epididymal tuberculosis, gonococcal epididymitis and filariasis. Characterized by azoospermia but testis size normal.

( 3) the iatrogenic fine tract obstruction: patients often have vesiculography or a history of vasectomy history; bilateral hernia repair, ligation vas resulted in vas deferens obstruction; testicular, epididymal operation caused by the epididymis or spermatic cord injury.

( 4): traumatic fine tract obstruction due to testicular, epididymal, testicular trauma combined with fine tract obstruction caused by azoospermia.

3 testicular spermatogenesis in rabbits induced by disturbance of infertility is due to various reasons testis cannot produce sperm, while spermatic tract normal, but no sperm in semen. The differential diagnosis as follows:

( 1): cytogenetic abnormalities such as hermaphroditism, syndrome Klinefelter, is the result of chromosome in meiosis nondisjunction caused by mosaicism. Clinical characteristics of breast enlargement, beard, pubic hair is sparse, narrow shoulder hip width and other female body; testicular small and soft, sexual dysfunction, semen sperm. Elevated FSH concentration in plasma and urine, plasma testosterone concentrations lower than normal.

( 2): congenital abnormalities such as congenital anorchia, bilateral cryptorchidism, germ cell dysgenesis. Germ cell hypoplasia in patients of normal semen in men, but no sperm, testicular size in normal breast, not accrescent, plasma testosterone and serum LH levels were normal, elevation of plasma FSH. Bilateral cryptorchidism in semen of no sperm, but its not palpable and testis, plasma testosterone and serum LH level is low, but in a single injection of chorionic gonadotropin 5000 U, plasma testosterone levels can be significantly elevated. Congenital anorchia but not palpable and testis, the plasma testosterone and serum LH level is very low, a single injection of chorionic gonadotropin after the plasma testosterone levels increased obviously.

( 3): endocrine abnormalities such as hypogonadism, hypopituitarism, hypothyroidism, adrenal hyperplasia. Primary gonadal insufficiency patient blood FSH and LH levels often increased, and testosterone levels are reduced. Hypopituitarism can cause secondary hypogonadism, patient blood FSH and LH level is on the low side, Leydig cell function and impaired sexual function, decrease in semen volume.

( 4): spermatogenic cell maturation disorders such as radiation damage, drug effects, such as varicocele. The testis size is normal, the examination of semen sperm decreased or no sperm. Testicular biopsy showed spermatogenic process more pauses in spermatocytes, seminiferous tubules in further development of spermatogenic cells rarely.

4 immune infertility immune sterility is divided into two categories: one category is males produce antisperm autoimmunity, one kind is the female anti-sperm immune. In such patients is characterized by its function, semen and hormone levels were normal.

how to diagnosis of male infertility?

Diagnosis

1 History

2 physical examination

3 semen examination

3-7 day of abstinence, masturbation or extracorporeal ejaculation by collecting semen, 1 hours of examination.

The diagnosis of male infertility, must make clear the following:

The man is sterile or female infertility sterility factors, or both; as for the man of sterile, belongs to the absolute or relative infertility, sterility;

The primary or secondary infertility sterility;

If the male sterility, should be possible to identify the exact cause of male infertility, so that for the causes of the use of effective treatment measures.

Identify

2 fine tract obstruction infertility of testicular spermatogenic function of normal, because seminal tract obstruction of sperm in semen can not enter the. The differential diagnosis as follows:

( 2) infected seminal tract obstruction: common infection for bilateral epididymal tuberculosis, gonococcal epididymitis and filariasis. Characterized by azoospermia but testis size normal.

( 4): traumatic fine tract obstruction due to testicular, epididymal, testicular trauma combined with fine tract obstruction caused by azoospermia.

Male infertility has what symptom?

Spermatogenic obstacles

Such as Testicular Neoplasms Testis tuberculosis, syphilis, halo pill cold pill nonspecific inflammation or injury of spermatic cord torsion after testicular atrophy can be caused by the absence of testis and spermatogenesis in rabbits, disorder, occurrence of sterility

Sex chromosome abnormalities can make dry pills organ differentiation, resulting in true hermaphroditism and congenital testicular dysgenesis; autosomal chromosome abnormalities can lead to gonadal and spermatogenic cell metabolism.

Long-term edible cottonseed oil can affect spermatogenesis sperm autoimmunity can also result in spermatogenesis dysfunction.

Such as the hidden star varicocele giant hydrocele disease affecting the testis local and international environment, or due to temperature, pressure and other causes of infertility

Sperm, egg disorder

Such as congenital absence atresia vas deferens and other deformities, operation ligation of the vas deferens, fine and surrounding tissues of chronic inflammation on tumors

Such as bladder neck had longer operation or injury or operation in epilepsy after scar contracture make urethral abnormal deformation; bilateral lumbar sympathetic nerve after resection of rectal cancer after operation or abdominal perineal; diabetes caused by pudendal nerve damage; verumontanum cyst mast, and severe urethral stricture; some drugs such as epinephrine blocker body blood draw, catch B spray play Festival amine can cause deploy jump sympathetic nerve function changes

Such as the congenital absence of penis penis is too small, the male pseudohermaphroditism, epispadias or hypospadias acquired penile inflammation or injury, edema of scrotum, such as giant hydrocele testis

Premature ejaculation, ejaculation, Yang exhibition.

The living environment of sudden change in long-term stress; aerial, high temperature, high strength work and engaged in radiation work

Severe malnutrition, vitamin A, E deficiency, trace elements such as zinc manganese deficiency, disorders of calcium and phosphorus metabolism of arsenic, mercury, lead, ethanol, nicotine, cottonseed oil, toxic substances such as chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of chronic poisoning, etc.

Such as pituitary sister Confucianism in Frohlich syndrome, anterior pituitary hypofunction, congenital gonadal agenesis syndrome with congenital spermatogenic cannot syndrome, high prolactin deficiency, pituitary tumors or tumors such as birth trauma with intracranial infection

The causes of male infertility

( a ) pathogenesis

The etiology of complex, many diseases or factors can result in male infertility. According to the results of semen examination, can be classified as azoospermia, severe oligospermia, oligospermia, sperm count, sperm normal infertility and sperm thrombasthenia.

In general the etiology of male infertility:

Chromosome 1 abnormalities are common in male pseudohermaphroditism, Klinefelter syndrome and syndrome XYY, 46XY / 47XXY chromosome abnormalities induced testicular spermatogenic obstacles.

2 endocrine hypothalamic dysfunction, such as Kallmann syndrome, mainly gonadotropin-releasing hormone deficiency; pituitary dysfunction, such as selective luteinizing hormone ( LH ) deficiency and Menotropins ( FSH ) deficiency, hyperprolactinemia. Adrenal cortical hyperplasia can inhibit the secretion of pituitary FSH, LH, lead to infertility.

3 reproductive tract infections such as prostatitis, epididymitis, orchitis, urethritis, serious impact on male fertility.

4 vas deferens obstruction of congenital and acquired obstruction can affect sperm transport Erzhi infertility.

5 of testicular spermatogenic function abnormalities of cryptorchidism, testicular, small anorchia, iral orchitis, varicocele, toxins, magnetic field, high fever and traumatic physicochemical factors can cause testicular spermatogenic obstacles.

6 sperm abnormal structure and seminal abnormalities can affect sperm motility, capacitation and acrosome reaction.

7 male immune infertility itself produce antisperm antibody and the female antisperm antibodies can affect sperm motility and the ova penetration.

8 male sexual dysfunction, premature ejaculation ejaculation, erectile dysfunction and retrograde ejaculation can result in male infertility.

9 drug factors: common with cimetidine, sulfasalazine, Tripterygium wilfordii, spironolactone, nitrofurantoin, niridazole, colchicine, various hormones and cancer chemotherapy drugs such as certain alkyl compounds, often can lead to temporary or permanent damage to spermatogenesis.

10 operation factors such as urethral valve operation, urethral obstruction of bladder neck incision performed, retroperitoneal lymph node dissection or a large retroperitoneal operation, are likely to cause retrograde ejaculation or ejaculatory disorders, lead to infertility.

11 bad habits and work factors for long-term wear tight pants, tobacco and alcohol, exposure to toxic substances, frequent hot water bath, sexual intercourse is improper or too frequent, often long and overwork to ride a bike and radiation damage.

12 other ciliated lag dynamic syndrome, manifested as patients in children suffering from chronic respiratory disease in adulthood, the sperm tail abnormalities of cilia, sperm forward swimming ability.